Earthquake-resistant building design plays a pivotal role in minimizing the impact of seismic events and ensuring the safety of structures and occupants. This study explores recent innovations and enduring challenges in designing buildings to withstand earthquakes. Advanced technologies such as base isolation systems, energy-dissipating devices, and performance-based design methodologies have enhanced structural resilience. Additionally, the integration of smart materials and real-time monitoring systems further contributes to adaptive safety measures.

However, challenges persist, including high implementation costs, limited access to advanced materials in developing regions, and the complexities of retrofitting existing structures. This research provides a comprehensive review of cutting-edge solutions and identifies gaps that require attention to achieve more effective earthquake-resistant designs. The findings aim to inform engineers, architects, and policymakers on strategies to enhance the safety and sustainability of urban infrastructures in seismic zones.