Drought stress is a major environmental problem that affects food security and agricultural output all over the globe. The world's population is growing quickly, and many projections say it will reach 9 to 10 billion people by the end of 2050. This makes it hard for academics and policymakers to come up with alternative ways to lessen the effects of drought stress on plants. Researchers from all across the globe are trying to make these sorts of crops that can live in places where there isn't enough water. The expanding population and the demand for food that comes with it put a lot of stress on farming communities all over the world. But there are always factors that impact agricultural productivity, such restricted land holdings, poor mechanization, and the presence of both biotic and abiotic forces. Drought is an example of a major cause of reduced agricultural productivity every year. When there is less rain and more dry spells, there is less water available, which leads to drought conditions.

This review paper offers an extensive examination of the impacts of drought stress on agricultural productivity and investigates possible solutions to alleviate its detrimental consequences. The article looks at how plants respond to drought stress on a physiological and biochemical level, such as how well they utilize water, how they control their stomata, and how they make osmotic changes. It also talks about how genetic and molecular factors help crops survive drought. The research also looks at several farming and management tactics that might help crops adapt to drought, such planting drought-resistant types, using irrigation technologies, and keeping soil moisture levels high. Additionally, it emphasizes the promise of contemporary biotechnological instruments, like as molecular breeding and gene editing, in improving drought resistance. Finally, the analysis outlines future opportunities and research avenues to attain sustainable agriculture under escalating drought difficulties.