The building sector significantly contributes to global energy consumption and carbon emissions, necessitating robust tools for evaluating their environmental impact. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA), and Life Cycle Carbon Emissions Assessment (LCCEA) have emerged as vital methodologies for understanding and mitigating these impacts. This review synthesizes research on these approaches, emphasizing their application in the building sector. The study explores the methodologies, data requirements, and limitations of each assessment type, highlighting the importance of integrating these tools into sustainable building design and policy-making. Moreover, the review identifies critical gaps in current practices, such as variations in assessment scope, regional disparities in data availability, and the need for standardized frameworks. The findings underline the potential of LCA, LCEA, and LCCEA in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions, contributing to the global shift toward low-carbon and energy-efficient buildings.